Investigation into their properties has become one of the most active fields of modern research. These are based mainly on the techniques of highresolution transmission electron microscopy hrtem and atomic force microscopy afm to determine the youngs moduli of singlewall nanotube bundles and multiwalled nanotubes, prepared by a number of. The cylindrical carbon molecules feature high aspect ratios lengthtodiameter values typically above 10 3, with diameters from about 1 nanometer up to tens of nanometers and lengths up to millimeters. Nanotubes are categorized as singlewalled nanotubes and multiple walled nanotubes.
Introduction carbon nanotubes cnts are cylindershaped macromolecules with a radius as small as a few nanometers, which can be grown up to 20 cm in length. This unique onedimensional structure and concomitant properties endow carbon nanotubes with special. They open up new perspectives for various applications, such as nanotransistors in circuits, for hydrogen storage in fuel cells, as artificial muscles, or as an added reinforcement in alloys. Singlewall nanotubes can be thought of as the fundamental cylindrical structure, and these form the building blocks of both multiwall nanotubes and the ordered arrays of singlewall nanotubes called ropes. The physical properties of carbon nanotubes have intrigued scientists from the time of its inception in the 1990. Carbon nanotubesbasic concepts and physical properties. Mechanical and physical properties on carbon nanotube.
Controlling the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes. Soon after they were discovered, researchers realized their broad applications in prospect. Odom et alsinglewalled carbon nanotubes 205 dices determine whether a swnt will be a metal or a semiconductor. The carbon nanotube cnt represents one of the most unique inventions in the field of nanotechnology. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes springerlink. A set of relationships is developed for selected physical properties of singlewalled carbon nanotubes swcn and their hexagonal arrays as a function of nanotube size in terms of the chiral. Carbon nanotubes are considered to have some exceptional characteristics. They originated from graphite sheets, but come along with some new physical properties due to quantum confinement. Carbon nanotubes are exceptionally interesting from a fundamental research point of view. The materials consist of three phases namely, carbon fibers fabric, epoxy matrix and carbon nanotubes. The prototypical subjects to study are the carbon based materials.
Introduction carbon nanostructures like fullerenes, graphene and nanotubes are of great interest for the current research as well as for future industrial applications. This book presents the key computational modeling and numerical simulation tools to investigate carbon nanotube characteristics. Tutorial on physical properties and characterization of. So when a whole new class of carbon materials the fullerenes, such as c6o. Optical properties of carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes are hollow tubes made entirely from carbon with diameters in the nanometer range such as the one shown in the picture below. Its mechanical properties have been calculated to be stronger than steel 1, and it is predicted to challenge diamond in its thermal properties 2. Carbon nanotubes can be classi ed into two major groups. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Although it is not physically accurate, these cylinders can best be visualized by imagining a sheet of graphite that has been rolled into a tube. In this chapter, we first describe the structures, syntheses, growth mechanisms and properties of carbon nanotubes. Different volume fractions of cnts were used 0% as reference, 0. This is an introductory textbook for graduate students and researchers from various fields of science who wish to learn about carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes cnt belong to a large group of hollow fiberlike carbonbased nanomaterials with diameters mostly below 100 nm and very high aspect ratios.
Unique properties material of the future seemingly infinite applications possible health issues carbon nano tubes 14. The carbon atoms in nanotubes are arranged in long, hollow cylinders. The field is still at an early stage, and progress continues at a rapid rate. This book focuses on the basic principles behind the physical properties and gives the background necessary to understand the recent developments. In these last twenty years, carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention from physicists, chemists, material scientists, and electronic device engineers because of their excellent structural, electronic, optical, chemical and mechanical properties. Many concepts of onedimensional physics have been verified experimentally such as electron and phonon. Section 8 surveys the mechanical properties of nanotubes.
Carbon nanotubes cnts are tubes made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometers. The elastic modulus of cnts gradually decreases with the. International journal of engineering research and general. Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, silane solution method and flame synthesis method. Section 7 presents the theory of the phonon dispersion in nanotubes and raman spectroscopy. Adding to the confusion is the existence of long, thin, and often hollow, carbon fibers that have been called carbon nanotubes but have a quite different makeup from that of the nanotubes that scientists generally refer to. Carbon nanotubes, basic concepts and physical properties by reich, thomsen and maultzsch wiley, 2004. Physical properties of carbon nanotubes by saito, dresselhaus and dresselhaus imperial college press, 1998. Singlewalled carbon nanotubes lieber research group. Physical and chemical properties of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotube, also called buckytube, nanoscale hollow tubes composed of carbon atoms. Cnt are of high technological interest because they can be produced or refined to possess specific properties such as high. Carbon nanotubes cnts possess superior physical and me. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes based polymer.
Selfconsistent physical properties of carbon nanotubes in. Carbon nanotubes, as the prototypes of artificial one dimensional nano materials, have been intensely investigated since 1991. The objective of this paper was to understand the effect of carbon nanotubes cnt additives on the elastic behaviors of textile based composites. Finally, section 9 deals with the thermal properties of nanotubes. Raman lineshape can distinguish metallic and semiconducting nanotubes kataura plots relate the e ii to n,m tubes resonant raman scattering in carbon nanotubes m. Because of the bright future for carbon nanotubes, a great deal of effort has been devoted to understanding and characterizing their properties 14 since the discovery of. Overall, incorporating carbon nanotubes as transistors into logicgate circuits with. Nikos tagmatarchis is at theoretical and physical chemistry institute tpci at the national hellenic research foundation nhrf, in athens, greece. Carbon nanotubes are the high aspect ratio carbon based nanomaterial. These are large macromolecules that are unique for their size, shape, and remarkable physical properties. Many concepts of onedimensional physics have been verified experimentally such as electron and phonon confinement or the onedimensional singularities in the density of states. Mechanical properties of functionalized carbon nanotubes zqzhang 1,bliu,5,ylchen 1, h jiang2.
A variety of outstanding experimental results on the elucidation of the elastic properties of carbon nanotubes are fast appearing. We investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the properties of carbon nanotubes synthesized by hf pe ccvd on sio 2 si100 substrate using electron microscopies and xray absorption spectroscopy nearedge. Carbon nanotubes may therefore provide the building blocks for further technological progress, enhancing our standards of living. Many theoretical studies have predicted the properties of singlewall nanotubes. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes fb physik, fu berlin. They were discovered independently by iijima and ichihashi and bethune et al. Carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes, long, thin cylinders of carbon, were discovered in 1991 by sumio iijima. Basics concepts and methods in materials mechanics 2. They are chemically very stable, mechanically very strong and conduct electricity. In this paper, a brief introduction focusing on basic concepts and of carbon nanotubes will be geometry. Mechanical properties of functionalized carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are rolled up graphene sheets with a quasionedimensional structure of nanometerscale diameter. The properties and characteristics of cnts are still. According to sem and tem images and xanes spectra, cnts are highly oriented under optimized conditions, notably when the ammonia.
Their unique surface area, stiffness, strength and resilience have led to much excitement in the field of pharmacy. Carbon nanotubes often refer to singlewall carbon nanotubes swcnts with diameters in the range of a nanometer. Carbon nanotubes carbon is an extraordinary element, considering the diversity of materials it forms. Carbon nanotubes have the strongest tensile strength of any material known. Carbon nanotubes basic concepts and physical properties. Nanotubes are promising candidates for nanoscale lightemitters and many other optical applications, especially in the infrared wavelength. His research interests lie in the chemistry of nanostructured materials and their applications, focusing on carbon nanotubes and their polymer composites for advanced mechanical properties. Ranging from sparkling gems to sooty filth, these materials have been studied and used for centuries, and carbon science was long thought to be a mature field.
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